According to recent World Bank estimates, the cost of reconstruction and recovery in Ukraine has now grown to 411 billion US dollars, which is more than two times the size of Ukraine’s pre-war economy in 2021.
Economic activity in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and Central Asia is likely to remain subdued this year due to the ongoing fallout from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, persistent high inflation and tighter financial conditions, says the World Bank’s Economic Update for the region, published on April 6.
Regional output is now expected to grow by 1.4 per cent in 2023, substantially better than the previously anticipated 0.1 per cent. The positive, though deeply depressed, economic activity in 2023 reflects a softer contraction of Russia’s economy and an improvement in Ukraine’s outlook.
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The highest growth in 2023 is forecast for Uzbekistan (5.1 per cent), Tajikistan (five per cent) and the Caucasus states of Armenia and Georgia (both 4.4 per cent). Throughout Central Asia and the Caucasus, trade and investment diversion following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has helped support growth, offsetting a decline in consumption as high inflation curbed spending.
Poland, an erstwhile champion of regional growth, is forecast to see GDP increase by just 0.7 per cent this year, and Hungary even weaker growth – 0.6 per cent – as a slowdown in the euro area is expected to dampen external demand, creating a further drag on growth.
Regional growth is expected to increase to an average 2.7 per cent over 2024-25 as inflation eases, domestic demand recovers, and the external environment improves.
A sharp rise in consumer prices, particularly for food and energy, resulted in median annual inflation spiking to 15.9 per cent by late 2022 in the emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) of CEE and Central Asia, the highest in more than 20 years, and the highest among all developing regions of the world. Inflation averaged less than four per cent in CEE and Central Asia EMDEs before it began rising in 2021.
The outlook remains highly uncertain. Growth in 2023 may be weaker if the war caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine escalates further, food and energy prices continue to increase, interest rate hikes accelerate globally or in the region, or there is a sudden reversal of capital flows to the region. There could be spillovers to growth from the current banking developments in some advanced economies.
Ukraine
Ukraine’s economy is projected to grow by 0.5 per cent this year, following a staggering contraction of 29.2 per cent in 2022, the year of Russia’s invasion of the country.
While the economic toll suffered by Ukraine as a result of the invasion is enormous, the reopening of Ukraine’s Black Sea ports and resumption of grain trade, as well as substantial donor support, are helping support economic activity this year. According to recent World Bank estimates, the cost of reconstruction and recovery in Ukraine has now grown to 411 billion US dollars, which is more than two times the size of Ukraine’s pre-war economy in 2021.
Against the background of slow growth and high inflation, the report includes a special focus chapter on the cost-of-living crisis, which examines the impact of high inflation on the standards of living of people in the region.
“Inflation erodes the real incomes of people – and high inflation affects the poorest much more than the richest segments of the population,” says Ivailo Izvorski, World Bank Chief Economist for Europe and Central Asia region.
“To better protect vulnerable groups and promote economic growth, policies should take into account the varying impacts of inflation across different income levels and use more precise indicators to measure the actual cost of high prices on the poorest.”
Unequal burden
Governments across the region responded to the cost-of-living crisis with social assistance and subsidies, the latter involving moratoriums on energy price increases, reduced public transport fees, and caps on electricity and natural gas prices for households and businesses.
The report’s analysis, however, reveals the unequal burden of the cost-of-living crisis. It finds that inflation was two percentage points higher for the poorest 10 per cent of the population compared to the wealthiest 10 per cent. This difference exceeded five percentage points in some countries in the region, including Moldova, Montenegro, and North Macedonia.
Policies that do not account for the different inflation rates faced by households are likely to provide inadequate support to vulnerable groups and may end up being both inefficient and less effective, the report notes. It recommends going beyond the standard consumer price index (CPI) to measure inflation in order to capture more precisely the actual cost of living of the poorest.
This is essential for designing better growth and poverty alleviation policies.
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